Unlike the grippers of creatures, traditional robotic grippers, the earliest imitations of biological end effectors, are mainly composed of rigid frames and joints. For example, although octopus tentacles are flexible enough to implement complex twisting movements, octopuses have evolved suckers on their tentacles to ensure the stability of grasping. ] The morphologies and functions of these end effectors have evolved in entirely different ways to adapt to environmental changes. Many animals and plants usually take advantage of their bodies, such as human hands, bird feet, elephant trunks, octopus tentacles, Drosera bodies, and plant tendrils, as their end effectors to achieve many interaction‐based tasks, including hunting, nest building, and feeding. Moreover, this review offers an overview of the different stiffness‐controllable strategies developed in recent years.įor creatures, including both animals and plants, grasping and manipulation are essential ways to interact with their environments. An exhaustive and updated analysis of each type of gripper is provided. According to their types of movement and a classification model inspired by biological “grippers”, soft grippers are classified into three types, namely, non‐continuum bending‐type grippers, continuum bending‐type grippers, and continuum twisting‐type grippers. Based on this, the present review focuses on the recent research progress of bio‐inspired soft grippers based on impactive gripping. Recently, inspired by the flexible grasping methods present in nature, increasingly more bio‐inspired soft grippers have been fabricated with compliant and soft materials. Furthermore, many muscular hydrostat animals and plant tendrils can implement more complex twisting motions in 3D space. Compared with human hands, some plants like Drosera do not have rigid frames, so they can bend at arbitrary points of the body to capture their prey. For example, human hands and bird feet are composed of rigid frames and soft joints. Different morphologies and grasping methods of “grippers” are highly evolved to adapt to harsh survival conditions. Grasping and manipulation are fundamental ways for many creatures to interact with their environments.
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